*Gene Sharp, The Methods of Nonviolent Action, Boston 1973*
$ method_types = {
$ "Nonviolent Protest and Persuasion": {
$ "Formal Statements": (
$ "Public speeches",
$ "Letters of opposition or support",
$ "Declarations by organizations and institutions",
$ "Signed public declarations",
$ "Declarations of indictment and intention",
$ "Group or mass petitions"
$ ),
$ "Communications With a Wider Audience": (
$ "Slogans, caricatures, and symbols",
$ "Banners, posters, and displayed communications",
$ "Leaflets, pamphlets, and books",
$ "Newspapers and journals",
$ "Records, radio, and television",
$ "Skywriting and earthwriting"
$ ),
$ "Group Representations": (
$ "Deputations",
$ "Mock awards",
$ "Group lobbying",
$ "Picketing",
$ "Mock elections"
$ ),
$ "Symbolic Public Acts": (
$ "Displays of flags and symbolic colours",
$ "Wearing of symbols",
$ "Prayer and worship",
$ "Delivering symbolic objects",
$ "Protest disrobings",
$ "Destruction of own property",
$ "Symbolic lights",
$ "Displays of portraits",
$ "Paint as protest",
$ "New signs and names",
$ "Symbolic sounds",
$ "Symbolic reclamations",
$ "Rude gestures"
$ ),
$ "Pressures on Individuals": (
$ '"Haunting" officials',
$ "Taunting officials",
$ "Fraternization",
$ "Vigils"
$ ),
$ "Drama and Music": (
$ "Humourous skits and pranks",
$ "Performances of plays and music",
$ "Singing"
$ ),
$ "Processions": (
$ "Marches",
$ "Parades",
$ "Religious processions",
$ "Pilgrimages",
$ "Motorcades"
$ ),
$ "Honouring the Dead": (
$ "Political mourning",
$ "Mock funerals",
$ "Demonstrative funerals",
$ "Homage at burial places"
$ ),
$ "Public Assemblies": (
$ "Assemblies of protest or support",
$ "Protest meetings",
$ "Camouflaged meetings of protest",
$ "Teach-ins"
$ ),
$ "Withdrawal and Renunciation": (
$ "Walk-outs",
$ "Silence",
$ "Renouncing honours",
$ "Turning one's back"
$ )
$ },
$ "Social Noncooperation": {
$ "Ostracism of Persons": (
$ "Social boycott",
$ "Selective social boycott",
$ "Lysistratic nonaction",
$ "Excommunication",
$ "Interdict"
$ ),
$ "Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs and Institutions": (
$ "Suspension of social and sports activities",
$ "Boycott of social affairs",
$ "Student strike",
$ "Social disobedience",
$ "Withdrawal from social institutions"
$ ),
$ "Withdrawal from the Social System": (
$ "Stay-at-home",
$ "Total personal noncooperation",
$ '"Flight" of workers',
$ "Sanctuary",
$ "Collective disappearance",
$ "Protest emigration (hijrat)"
$ )
$ },
$ "Economic Noncooperation: Economic Boycotts": {
$ "Action by Consumers": (
$ "Consumers' boycott",
$ "Nonconsumption of boycotted goods",
$ "Policy of austerity",
$ "Rent withholding",
$ "Refusal to rent",
$ "National consumers' boycott",
$ "International consumers' boycott",
$ ),
$ "Action by Workers and Producers": (
$ "Workers' boycott",
$ "Producers' boycott"
$ ),
$ "Action by Middlemen": (
$ "Suppliers' and handlers' boycott",
$ ),
$ "Action by Owners and Management": (
$ "Traders' boycott",
$ "Refusal to let or sell property",
$ "Lockout",
$ "Refusal of industrial assistance",
$ '''Merchants' "general strike"'''
$ ),
$ "Action by Holders of Financial Resources": (
$ "Withdrawal of bank deposits",
$ "Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments",
$ "Refusal to pay debts or interest",
$ "Severance of funds and credit",
$ "Revenue refusal",
$ "Refusal of a government's money"
$ ),
$ "Action by Governments": (
$ "Domestic embargo",
$ "Blacklisting of traders",
$ "International sellers' embargo",
$ "International buyers' embargo",
$ "International trade embargo"
$ )
$ },
$ "Economic Noncooperation: The Strike": {
$ "Symbolic Strikes": (
$ "Protest strike",
$ "Quickie walkout (lightning strike)"
$ ),
$ "Agricultural Strikes": (
$ "Peasant strike",
$ "Farm workers' strike"
$ ),
$ "Strikes by Special Groups": (
$ "Refusal of impressed labour",
$ "Prisoners' strike",
$ "Craft strike",
$ "Professional strike"
$ ),
$ "Ordinary Industrial Strikes": (
$ "Establishment strike",
$ "Industry strike",
$ "Sympathy strike"
$ ),
$ "Restricted Strikes": (
$ "Detailed strike",
$ "Bumper strike",
$ "Slowdown strike",
$ "Working-to-rule strike",
$ 'Reporting "sick" (sick-in)',
$ "Strike by resignation",
$ "Limited strike",
$ "Selective strike"
$ ),
$ "Multi-Industry Strikes": (
$ "Generalised strike",
$ "General strike"
$ ),
$ "Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures": (
$ "Hartal",
$ "Economic shutdown"
$ )
$ },
$ "Political Noncooperation": {
$ "Rejection of Authority": (
$ "Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance",
$ "Refusal of public support",
$ "Literature and speeches advocating resistance"
$ ),
$ "Citizens' Noncooperation with Government": (
$ "Boycott of legislative bodies",
$ "Boycott of elections",
$ "Boycott of government employment and positions",
$ "Boycott of government departments, agencies, and other bodies",
$ "Withdrawal from governmental educational institutions",
$ "Boycott of government-supported institutions",
$ "Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents",
$ "Removal of own signs and placemarks",
$ "Refusal to accept appointed officials",
$ "Refusal to dissolve existing institutions"
$ ),
$ "Citizens' Alternatives to Obedience": (
$ "Reluctant and slow compliance",
$ "Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision",
$ "Popular nonobedience",
$ "Disguised disobedience",
$ "Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse",
$ "Sitdown",
$ "Noncooperation with conscription and deportation",
$ "Hiding, escape, and false identities",
$ 'Civil disobedience of "illegitimate" laws'
$ ),
$ "Action by Government Personnel": (
$ "Selective refusal of assistance by government aides",
$ "Blocking of lines of command and information",
$ "Stalling and obstruction",
$ "General administrative noncooperation",
$ "Judicial noncooperation",
$ "Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents",
$ "Mutiny"
$ ),
$ "Domestic Governmental Action": (
$ "Quasi-legal evasions and delays",
$ "Noncooperation by constituent governmental units"
$ ),
$ "International Governmental Action": (
$ "Changes in diplomatic and other representation",
$ "Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events",
$ "Withholding of diplomatic recognition",
$ "Severance of diplomatic relations",
$ "Withdrawal from international organisations",
$ "Refusal of membership in international bodies",
$ "Expulsion from international organisations"
$ )
$ },
$ "Nonviolent Intervention": {
$ "Psychological Intervention": (
$ "Self-exposure to the elements",
$ ("The fast", (
$ "Fast of moral pressure",
$ "Hunger strike",
$ "Satyagrahic fast"
$ )),
$ "Reverse trial",
$ "Nonviolent harassment"
$ ),
$ "Physical Intervention": (
$ "Sit-in",
$ "Stand-in",
$ "Ride-in",
$ "Wade-in",
$ "Mill-in",
$ "Pray-in",
$ "Nonviolent raids",
$ "Nonviolent air raids",
$ "Nonviolent invasion",
$ "Nonviolent interjection",
$ "Nonviolent obstruction",
$ "Nonviolent occupation"
$ ),
$ "Social Intervention": (
$ "Establishing new social patterns",
$ "Overloading of facilities",
$ "Stall-in",
$ "Speak-in",
$ "Guerrilla theatre",
$ "Alternative social institutions",
$ "Alternative communication system"
$ ),
$ "Economic Intervention": (
$ "Reverse strike",
$ "Stay-in strike",
$ "Nonviolent land seizure",
$ "Defiance of blockades",
$ "Politically motivated counterfeiting",
$ "Preclusive purchasing",
$ "Seizure of assets",
$ "Dumping",
$ "Selective patronage",
$ "Alternative markets",
$ "Alternative transportation systems",
$ "Alternative economic institutions"
$ ),
$ "Political Intervention": (
$ "Overloading of administrative systems",
$ "Disclosing identities of secret agents",
$ "Seeking imprisonment",
$ 'Civil disobedience of "neutral" laws',
$ "Work-on without collaboration",
$ "Dual sovereignty and parallel government"
$ )
$ }
$ }
---
- [Nonviolent Protest and Persuasion](#the-methods-of-nonviolent-protest-and-persuasion)
- Noncooperation
- [Social](#the-methods-of-social-noncooperation)
- Economic
- [Boycott](#the-methods-of-economic-noncooperation:-economic-boycotts)
- [Strike](#the-methods-of-economic-noncooperation:-the-strike)
- [Political](#the-methods-of-political-noncooperation)
- [Nonviolent Intervention](#the-methods-of-nonviolent-intervention)
$# $def render_subtypes(method_subtypes):
$# <ul style=font-size:.8em>
$# $for method_subtype, methods in method_subtypes.items():
$# <li>[$method_subtype](#$method_subtype.lower().replace(" ", "-"))</li>
$# </ul>
$# <ul>
$# $for method_type, method_subtypes in method_types.items():
$# <li>[$method_type](#the-methods-of-$method_type.lower().replace(" ", "-"))
$# $# $:render_subtypes(method_subtypes)
$# </li>
$# </ul>
---
$ n = 1
$for method_type, method_subtypes in method_types.items():
$ id = f'the-methods-of-{method_type.lower().replace(" ", "-")}'
<h2 id=$id>The Methods of $method_type [#](#$id)</h2>
$for method_subtype, methods in method_subtypes.items():
$ id = method_subtype.lower().replace(" ", "-")
<h3 id=$id>$method_subtype [#](#$id)</h3>
<ol start=$n>
$for method in methods:
<li>\
$if isinstance(method, str):
$method\
$else:
$method[0]
<ol style=list-style-type:lower-alpha>
$for method_subsubtype in method[1]:
<li>$method_subsubtype</li>
</ol>
</li>
$ n = n + 1
</ol>
